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6.4 Measurement versus visual appearance 6.3.1 Relativistic longitudinal Doppler effect 5.7 Causality and prohibition of motion faster than light 5.5 Lorentz transformation of velocities
This led to Einstein's development of special relativity, which corrects mechanics to handle situations involving all motions and especially those at a speed close to that of light (known as relativistic velocities). The incompatibility of Newtonian mechanics with Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism and, experimentally, the Michelson-Morley null result (and subsequent similar experiments) demonstrated that the historically hypothesized luminiferous aether did not exist. 17.3 Special relativity explained (using simple or more advanced mathematics)Special relativity was originally proposed by Albert Einstein in a paper published on 26 September 1905 titled " On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies". 17.2 Special relativity for a general audience (no mathematical knowledge required) 11.2.4 Relativistic dynamics and invariance 11.2.3 Relativistic kinematics and invariance
It also explains how the phenomena of electricity and magnetism are related. Combined with other laws of physics, the two postulates of special relativity predict the equivalence of mass and energy, as expressed in the mass–energy equivalence formula E = m c 2 is the speed of light in a vacuum. Rather than an invariant time interval between two events, there is an invariant spacetime interval. It has, for example, replaced the conventional notion of an absolute universal time with the notion of a time that is dependent on reference frame and spatial position. They include the relativity of simultaneity, length contraction, time dilation, the relativistic velocity addition formula, the relativistic Doppler effect, relativistic mass, a universal speed limit, mass–energy equivalence, the speed of causality and the Thomas precession. Even so, the Newtonian model is still valid as a simple and accurate approximation at low velocities (relative to the speed of light), for example, everyday motions on Earth.Special relativity has a wide range of consequences that have been experimentally verified.
The theory became essentially complete in 1907. Some of the work of Albert Einstein in special relativity is built on the earlier work by Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré. A translation sometimes used is "restricted relativity" "special" really means "special case". Events that occur at the same time for one observer can occur at different times for another.Until Einstein developed general relativity, introducing a curved spacetime to incorporate gravity, the phrase "special relativity" was not used. Rather, space and time are interwoven into a single continuum known as "spacetime". Time and space cannot be defined separately from each other (as was previously thought to be the case).
As long as the universe can be modeled as a pseudo-Riemannian manifold, a Lorentz-invariant frame that abides by special relativity can be defined for a sufficiently small neighborhood of each point in this curved spacetime.Galileo Galilei had already postulated that there is no absolute and well-defined state of rest (no privileged reference frames), a principle now called Galileo's principle of relativity. Special relativity is restricted to the flat spacetime known as Minkowski space. General relativity, however, incorporates non-Euclidean geometry in order to represent gravitational effects as the geometric curvature of spacetime. Just as Galilean relativity is now accepted to be an approximation of special relativity that is valid for low speeds, special relativity is considered an approximation of general relativity that is valid for weak gravitational fields, that is, at a sufficiently small scale (e.g., when tidal forces are negligible) and in conditions of free fall. Special relativity, contrary to some historical descriptions, does accommodate accelerations as well as accelerating frames of reference. In order to correctly accommodate gravity, Einstein formulated general relativity in 1915.
These propositions were the constancy of the speed of light in a vacuum and the independence of physical laws (especially the constancy of the speed of light) from the choice of inertial system. How, then, could such a universal principle be found?"Albert Einstein: Autobiographical Notes Einstein discerned two fundamental propositions that seemed to be the most assured, regardless of the exact validity of the (then) known laws of either mechanics or electrodynamics. The longer and the more desperately I tried, the more I came to the conviction that only the discovery of a universal formal principle could lead us to assured results . Gradually I despaired of the possibility of discovering the true laws by means of constructive efforts based on known facts. Traditional "two postulates" approach to special relativity "Reflections of this type made it clear to me as long ago as shortly after 1900, i.e., shortly after Planck's trailblazing work, that neither mechanics nor electrodynamics could (except in limiting cases) claim exact validity. He also postulated that it holds for all the laws of physics, including both the laws of mechanics and of electrodynamics.
A more mathematical statement of the principle of relativity made later by Einstein, which introduces the concept of simplicity not mentioned above is:Special principle of relativity: If a system of coordinates K is chosen so that, in relation to it, physical laws hold good in their simplest form, the same laws hold good in relation to any other system of coordinates K′ moving in uniform translation relatively to K. However, the most common set of postulates remains those employed by Einstein in his original paper.
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